How a Closed-End Fund Works and Differs From an Open-End Fund

What Is a Closed-End Fund?

A closed-end fund is a type of mutual fund that issues a fixed number of shares through a single initial public offering (IPO) to raise capital for its initial investments. Its shares can then be bought and sold on a stock exchange but no new shares will be created and no new money will flow into the fund.

In contrast, an open-ended fund, such as most mutual funds and exchange-traded funds (ETFs), accepts a constant flow of new investment capital. It issues new shares and buys back its own shares on demand.

Many municipal bond funds and some global investment funds are closed-end funds.

Understanding Closed-End Funds

Like many mutual funds, a closed-end fund has a professional manager overseeing the portfolio and actively buying, selling, and holding assets.

Like any stock or ETF, its shares fluctuate in price throughout the trading day. However, the closed-end fund's parent company will issue no additional shares, and the fund itself won't buy back shares.

Closed-end funds and open-end mutual funds have many similarities. Both make distributions of income and capital gains to their shareholders. Both charge an annual expense ratio for their services. Moreover, the companies that offer them must be registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

Differences Between Closed-End Funds and Open-End Funds

Closed-end funds differ from open-ended funds in fundamental ways. As noted, a closed-end fund raises a prescribed amount of capital in a one-time offering of a fixed number of shares. Once the shares are sold the offering is "closed."

Most mutual funds and exchange-traded funds constantly accept new investor dollars, issuing additional shares, and redeeming—or buying back—shares from shareholders who wish to sell.

A closed-end fund lists on a stock exchange where the shares trade just like stocks throughout the trading day.

Open-end mutual funds price their shares only once a day, at the end of the trading day, basing the price on the net asset value of the portfolio. The stock price of a closed-end fund fluctuates according to the usual forces of supply and demand and the changing values of the fund's holdings.

Because they trade exclusively in the secondary markets, closed-end funds require a brokerage account to buy and sell. Open-end funds can usually be purchased directly through the fund's sponsoring investment company.

Closed-End Funds and Net Asset Value (NAV)

Its pricing is one of the unique characteristics of a closed-end fund. The NAV of the fund is calculated regularly, based on the value of the assets in the fund. However, the price that it trades for on the exchange is market-driven. This means that a closed-end fund can trade at a premium or a discount to its NAV. (A premium price means the price of a share is above the NAV, while a discount is the opposite, below NAV, value.)

There are several reasons for this. A fund's market price may rise because it is focused on a sector that is currently popular with investors, or because its manager is well regarded among investors. Or, a history of underperformance or volatility may make investors wary of the fund, driving down its share value.

Closed-End Fund Performance

Closed-end funds do not repurchase their shares from investors. That means they don't have to maintain a large cash reserve level, leaving them with more money to invest.

They can also make heavy use of leverage—borrowed money—to boost their returns.

As a result, closed-end funds may be able to offer higher overall returns than their open-fund mutual fund counterparts.

Examples of Closed-End Funds

The largest type of closed-end fund, as measured by assets under management, is the municipal bond fund. These large funds invest in the debt obligations of state and local governments and federal government agencies. Managers of these funds often seek broad diversification to minimize risk, but also may rely on leverage to maximize returns.

Managers also build closed-end global, international funds, and emerging markets funds that mix stocks and fixed-income instruments. (Global funds combine U.S. and international securities. International funds purchase only non-U.S. securities. Emerging markets funds focus on fast-growing and volatile foreign sectors and regions.)

One of the largest closed-end funds is the Eaton Vance Tax-Managed Global Diversified Equity Income Fund (EXG). Founded in 2007, it had a market cap of $2.5 billion as of June 2022. The primary investment objective is to provide current income and gains, with a secondary objective of capital appreciation.